La edad media en la que un adolescente prueba el alcohol pro primera vez es aproximadamente a los 13 años, y otras drogas como el canabis entorno a los 14 años. Consumir drogas a edades tempranas aumenta las posibilidades de desarrollar una adicción, y por tanto causar otros problemas más graves. Es por esto que la prevención del consumo temprano de drogas o alcohol puede marcar una gran diferencia en la reducción de estos riesgos. Si se evita que los jóvenes experimenten con drogas, se puede evitar por tanto la drogadicción. Pero, ¿cómo pueden prevenirse las adicciones en la adolescencia?
Al inicio de la pubertad, al mismo tiempo que se producen cambios físicos en el cuerpo de los adolescentes, también el sistema nervioso central cambia, concretamente se pierden ciertas conexiones que durante la infancia eran muy importantes. De aquí que sus gustos e intereses empiecen a cambiar y quieran experimentar cosas nuevas. Este hecho, sumado a la posible falta de habilidades personales para resistir presiones de grupo, la permisividad social con respecto a sustancias como el tabaco o el alcohol, la baja percepción de peligro o la complicidad de algunos mayores en permitirles el acceso a dichos consumos, dan como resultado un ambiente de riesgo para los adolescentes en los que es posible caer en la adicción.
Algunos factores de riesgo pueden dar pistas a padres y tutores sobre qué perfil de adolescentes tienen más posibilidades de caer en consumos problemáticos. Entre ellos, debe ponerse especial atención en jóvenes con baja tolerancia a la frustración, dificultades para comunicarse con adultos de referencia, problemas de autoestima, ausencia de límites,dificultades para ser asertivo, dificultades para gestionar emociones intensas, tener un grupo de referencia que ya sea consumidor de drogas o presencia de personas consumidoras en el núcleo familiar.
No obstante, no porque nuestro hijo sea más introvertido debemos asociarlo al consumo, ya que ser introvertido o extravertido, curioso o poco curioso tienen porqué ser factores explicativos para un consumo esporádico o problemático de drogas.
Cómo evitar el consumo
Aunque una vez que los adolescentes comienzan a salir sin la supervisión familiar constante resulta muy complicado saber qué harán o impedir que se inicien en un consumo de experimentación, sí es posible orientarles y reforzar sus puntos fuertes para que la iniciación a este consumo se retrase lo máximo posible. Para ello, los padres pueden seguir algunas pautas como mantener los canales de comunicación abiertos con los hijos. En esta etapa de sus vidas, los adolescentes cambian su comunicación, de ahí la importancia de procurar que no se pierda la oportunidad de hablar de lo cotidiano y que los jóvenes sean siempre conscientes de que pueden contar con los adultos y contarles sus problemas o preocupaciones.
Al igual que es importante que la comunicación entre padres y madres se mantenga activa y promover la expresión de sus emociones, también lo es no forzar temas de comunicación, ya que a menudo esta obligación puede conllevar que los adolescentes se cierren aún más a su familia.
Otro punto importante es potenciar la autoestima y autoconfianza de los adolescentes, para ellos pueden reforzarse sus logros, mostrar confianza en ellos otorgándoles responsabilidades o realizando críticas constructivas y aprendan de sus errores cuando se equivoquen.
Establecer normas y límites también es fundamental. Hay que dejar claro lo que sucederá en caso de saltarse las normas, revisar normas de llegada a casa, salidas nocturnas, etc. Además, aunque resulte más complicado a este edad, participar en actividades conjuntas atendiendo a los nuevos intereses que les van surgiendo, puede fomentar una mejora en la comunicación con los padres y un aumento de confianza en los mismos.
En caso de tener constancia de que nuestro hijo adolescente tiene un problema con la adicción a ciertas sustancias, es importante iniciar un tratamiento con especialistas como los que pueden encontrarse en centros como Aequilibrium, expertos en recuperar el bienestar y equilibrio emocional atendidos por profesionales sanitarios y del ámbito social.
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